Skinner`s Essays - Behaviorism, B. F. Skinner,

Skinner's Impact B.F. Skinner was one of the most persuasive scholars in present day brain science. His work was significant and has been read by numerous individuals for a considerable length of time. Skinner was a straightforward man and an informed man. His speculations have made a difference humankind from multiple points of view. He has considered the standards of conduct of many living life forms. Skinner was a very much distributed essayist. His work has been distributed in numerous diaries. He additionally has composed numerous books on behaviorism. His generally significant work was the investigation of behaviorism. Initially started by John B. Watson, behaviorism is one of the most generally examined speculations today. B.F. Skinner and His Influence in Brain science B.F. Skinner was one of the most popular of the American analysts. He was conceived in Pennsylvania in 1904. Skinner was the dad of current behaviorism. Skinner didn't get into brain science until he was in graduate school at Harvard. He was headed to Psychology in the wake of finding out about the trials of Watson and Pavlov. He got his doctoral qualification in three years also, educated at the University of Minnesota and the University of Indiana and at long last came back to his place of graduation at Harvard. Skinner added to mental behaviorism by performing tests that connected practices with terms normally used to depict mental states. Skinner was answerable for a few acclaimed examinations, for example, the Skinner box. Skinner likewise kept in touch with some very acclaimed books. One of them was The Behavior of Organisms. This book depicts the fundamental purposes of his framework. Another was Walden Two. This book depicts an idealistic culture that capacities on encouraging feedback. Skinner was an exceptionally beneficial individual until his passing in 1990 at 86 years old. Behaviorism is a way of thinking in brain research that is keen on discernible conduct. Skinner stated, Behaviorism isn't the study of human conduct; it is the way of thinking of that science(Skinner, 1974). There are different sorts of conduct, for example, inborn conduct. Intrinsic practices are sure practices that we are brought into the world with, for example, eating when we are ravenous and dozing at the point when we are drained. Early Life Burrhus Frederic Skinner was conceived in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania on March 20, 1904 to William Arthur and Grace Madge Skinner. Skinner's house was a warm and stable spot. He lived in the house he was conceived in until he headed out to school. Skinner likewise had a more youthful sibling named Edmond James Skinner, conceived November 6, 1906. Skinner was extremely enamored with his sibling and adored him without a doubt. At the youthful age of sixteen, Edmond kicked the bucket of a cerebral aneurysm. Skinner was an extremely innovative youngster. He generally was making or building things, for example, carts, model planes, and so forth. He likewise endeavored to concoct a ceaseless movement machine, however it fizzled. He likewise read about creatures. He gathered frogs, reptiles, and snakes. He prepared pigeons to do stunts after he saw them performing one year at a reasonable. Preparing the pigeons most likely was the place he got his thoughts of operant molding. He went to Susquehanna High School much the same as his mom and father. In his graduating class there were just eight individuals including him. He was an extremely educated kid. He revealed that he truly appreciated school. Over the four years in secondary school Skinner turned out to be very acceptable at arithmetic and understanding Latin, however was frail at science. He compensated for it however, in light of the fact that he was continually performing physical and compound analyses while he was at home. His dad was an enthusiastic book authority. Skinner consistently had a decent library of books around his home. Skinner reviewed the little assortment of applied brain research diaries that his dad had purchased. Those books could have been the beginning stage in his brain science profession. Skinner experienced childhood in a very strict family. His grandma frequently helped him to remember the idea of hellfire. His mother once cleaned his mouth out with cleanser truly for saying a terrible word. His father never rebuffed him, however he let him know of the disciplines that anticipated him in the event that he at any point ended up being a lawbreaker. Generally speaking Skinner had a decent and upbeat adolescence. School Life After graduating secondary school, Skinner went to Hamilton School where he studied English Literature and minored in Romance Languages. He was drawn toward English when he was in secondary school by one of his instructors named Miss Graves. She likewise was liable for his delight in craftsmanship and chiseling. Skinner never truly fit into the grounds life and he was very little of an athlete. He said my shins were split in ice hockey and

Financial Accounting Business Corporate Governance

Question: Talk about theFinancial Accounting forBusiness Corporate Governance. Answer: Presentation: Corporate Governance Living Cell Technologies Ltd agrees to the ASX Corporate Governance Councils Principles and Recommendations and it uncovers its corporate administration through a corporate administration articulation in the yearly report and the duplicates of significant arrangements of corporate administration are made accessible at the site of the organization (www.lctglobal.com). Review and Compliance Committee and Remuneration and Nomination Committee are built up with the goal that the board duties can be performed at the most elevated point. The exhibition assessment of chiefs and other senior officials are made accessible in the compensation report. As per ASX rules and the constitution of organization, every year an appointment of executives is being held by the organization (DeVillier Van, 2011). A moral set of accepted rules is made for the chiefs and workers for the better enthusiasm of the organization. A hazard panel has not been built up by this organization however the hazard profile of the business is evaluated yearly. The privileges of security-holders are regarded by giving them appropriate access to the site and sincerely speaking with them (Fraser, 2011). Clinical Developments International Ltd likewise follows the ASX Corporate Governance Principles. It establishes appropriate frameworks for its administration by precisely evaluating competitors and by laying out the commitments and obligations of chiefs in the Corporate Governance Manual. To guarantee that executives can practice their forces, a strategy is made with the goal that they can take free choices (Medical Developments International Ltd, 2015). It advances mindful and moral dynamic by making a set of principles that is surveyed every once in a while. The organization guarantees convenient and precise divulgence by conforming to ASX Listing Rules and Corporations Act and it guarantees that each market member acquires equivalent data. The organization regards the investors rights by holding speculator street appears and discharging it in people in general (Fernando, 2009). A Remuneration Committee is made for suitable compensation of all. All these data are additionally acce ssible on the companys site with the goal that everybody can gain admittance to it. Corporate Governance Indicators The board size of Living Cell Technologies Limited contains five chiefs out of which one chief is non-official, three of them are autonomous executives and the rest of the chief is Roy Austin, the director of the organization. The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the organization is Ken Taylor. Roy Austin expressed about the positive result of NTCELL clinical investigation related to Parkinsons illness. He expressed about the extra arrangement of financial specialists that raised a huge number of dollars. He likewise referenced about the new approach of Diatranz Otsuka Ltd that could limit the hazard and reserve prerequisites of the organization for joint endeavor. The award from Callaghan Innovation that could offer pace to the NTCELL improvement was likewise expressed by Roy Austin. Additionally, Ken Taylor expressed about the advancement of NTCELL, its sheltered and propelled treatment decidedly influencing the patients. He referenced about the investigation of stage II b, FDA end orsement and the temporary assent from New Zealand specialists as for NTCELL as a treatment (Medical Developments International Ltd, 2015). He likewise mentioned about the help of logical consultants just as about the joint effort and augmentation of the organization for more viability. The board size of Medical Developments International Limited comprises of six chiefs out of which five executives are non-official while remaining is the non-official director. John Sharman (CEO) and David Williams (Chairman) expressed about the ascent in deals and income before intrigue and charge and after expense sequentially. They expressed that the issues related with the decentralized methodology were at last settled and the last endorsement available to be purchased of Penthrox in business sectors was in process. Differentiating the Corporate Governance Indicators Comparable to LCT Ltd, it very well may be seen that just a single chief is non-official while in MVP Ltd, lion's share of executives (five) is non-official. LCT comprises of three autonomous chiefs, administrator and CEO while MVP doesn't include some other executive with the exception of non-official, director and CEO (Living Cells advances Ltd, 2015). Concerning the ASX Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations, it very well may be seen that LCT Ltd persistently refines and screens its corporate administration system so as to meet the interests of its investors. As investors are the proprietors of the organization, fulfillment of them can prompt improvement of generosity in the market (Brown et. al, 2011). Moreover, board organization is productive for familiar dynamic and LCT Ltd chooses executives consistently based on ASX Listing Rules. Budgetary outcomes are significant for general society just as the investors to learn the adequacy of the organization and LCT distri buted its half yearly, quarterly and yearly money related outcomes on the ASX site that can be seen by everybody. Additionally, in the event of MVP Ltd, all the improvements that can influence the organization are educated to the investors considerably year and yearly reports along with refreshes on advancements enlisted with ASX. All the data of yearly regular gatherings is likewise discharged on the ASX along with update in the companys site. Non-Financial Activities LCT Ltd follows a decent variety approach as a non-money related movement where an admixture of aptitudes and various foundations are built up by organizing the procedure of enlistment so differed competitors can be given an opportunity with no oblivious biasness that can encourage oppression explicit up-and-comers. For this reason, the organization creates different projects with the goal that each worker can arrive at their maximum capacity and advantage the organization (Living Cells advances Ltd, 2015). The organization takes due consideration on issues identifying with nature by appropriately evaluating all the business dangers time to time so any threat can be moderated before it can happen. Explicitly for the representatives, the organization has presented a KPI (Key Performance Indicator) idea where they can be compensated based on their exhibition. Zones having high potential for development are focused by KPI and it covers money related and non-monetary along with long haul and momentary objectives (Fraser, 2011). MVP Ltd has likewise settled a decent variety approach that is additionally accessible on its site for holding and pulling in gifted representatives, improving dynamic and efficiency, building up a protected workplace to forestall undesirable and unseemly conduct that incorporates provocation, exploitation, tormenting, separation and so forth (Medical Developments International Ltd, 2015). The organization likewise makes work openings based on execution and legitimacy. The companys strategy likewise plots the predictable and appropriate collaboration in inner correspondence. It sets up and surveys occasionally approaches related with human asset. To build the ladies portrayal in the workforce, it has started a system for drawing in and holding capable ladies representatives. References Fernando, A C 2009, Corporate Governance Policies and Principles, Prentice Hall. Fraser, C 2011, The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy, Oxford University Press Goodstein, E 2011, Ethics and Economics, Economics and the Environment. Wiley DeVilliers, C Van CJ 2011, Where firms decide to reveal intentional ecological data, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 504-526 Earthy colored, J.W., Chasek, P. what's more, Downie, D.L 2006, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder, CO:Westview Press. Clinical Developments International Ltd 2015, Medical Developments International Ltd 2015 Annual report 2015, saw 11 July 2016, https://www.medicaldev.com/wp/wp-content/transfers/2011/04/Annual-Report-to-Shareholders-2014-15.pdf Living Cells advances Ltd 2015, Living Cells advances Ltd Annual report 2015, saw 11 July 2016, https://www.lctglobal.com/transfer/reports/annualreports/151110%20LCT%202015%20annual%20report%20(rev).pdf

Top Essay Writing Sites

Top Essay Writing SitesThere are many top essay writing sites on the internet and these sites can help you with your research and writing process. They can be used as a great way to make sure that you have all of the information that you need when it comes to your essay.The best essay writing sites usually have one goal in mind and that is to help you get the word out to the world about your topic. This means that they are going to provide you with articles and other material that will allow you to present the information that you have written. These sites are great resources for those students who want to be able to present their ideas and opinions to others in a more concise manner.Not only are these sites helpful but some of them can be useful to you as well. Some of these sites are going to provide you with basic information and some of them may even offer some useful tools for your research. You should use these sites if you have the time because you may be surprised at what you learn when you use the search engines to look up different topics that you are interested in.There are many top essay writing sites out there that can help you with your research. Many of these sites will offer you some basic tools that you can use with your essay. Many of these tools are going to come in handy when you are doing your research, but it is important that you realize that these tools do not provide you with the kind of information that you want to have when you are writing.When you use top essay writing sites for your research, you are going to be able to save yourself a lot of time and effort. If you are doing your research on your own, you are going to be left wondering how in the world you are going to get everything finished. Most people are just too lazy to do all of the research that they need to do.When you are looking for good top essay writing sites, you should find one that offers a free trial. You should always make sure that you can test the site before yo u decide to pay a fee for it. This will help you know what you are getting for your money and this will allow you to see if you will like what you are using.Make sure that you take a look at the site that you are looking at before you decide to purchase it. You want to make sure that you can get all of the help that you need when it comes to your essay. You should always look for a site that will give you all of the resources that you need so that you can complete your research and then submit it as soon as possible.These top essay writing sites can help you with your research and you should take advantage of them. This is an important part of the essay and you should do everything that you can to make sure that you do this properly. Always make sure that you can get as much help as possible when it comes to your essay so that you can get it done right the first time.

IS3220 FINAL STUDY GUIDE - 1694 Words

IS3220 FINAL STUDY GUIDE 1.) Know how NetWitness/Wireshark investigator work Investigator provides security operations staff, auditors, and fraud and forensics investigators the power to perform unprecedented free-form contextual analysis of raw network data captured and reconstructed 2.) Know what type of information can be detected from a packet header Control Information 3.) Know how TCP established a connection To establish a connection, TCP uses a three-way handshake. Before a client attempts to connect with a server, the server must first bind to and listen at a port to open it up for connections: this is called a passive open. Once the passive open is established, a client may initiate an active open. To establish a connection,†¦show more content†¦12.) Know the attacks a hacker might perpetrate and how a hacker might make money from the attacks Eavesdropping, breaking and entering, social engineering, malicious code, session hijacking, man-in-the-middle attacks, wireless hacking, SQL injections, web site attacks, and more. 13.) Know what in a organization is vulnerable to social engineering People are the vulnerability 14.) Know how a buffer overflow attack works Is an anomaly where a program while writing data to a buffer, overruns the buffers boundary and overwrites adjacent memory, this is a special case of violation of memory safety. 15.) Know what attack types: impersonation, reciprocity, and phishing fall under Social Engineering Attacks 16.) Know what happens in each of the 7 IT domains User- defines the people who access an organizations information system. Workstation- the computer on your desk, this can extend to other devices that provide access to computing resources. LAN- sub network that is made up of a group of clients plus servers which are under the control of one central security. LAN-WAN- computing network technologies used to transmit data over long distances between different LANs WAN- spans a large geographic area. Systems/Applications- the critical infrastructure of server systems, applications, and data. Remote Access- accessing the computing services from outside the boundary of the computing

The Awakening By Kate Chopin - 1007 Words

In Kate Chopin’s novel, â€Å"The Awakening†, she introduces the reader to the life of Edna Pontellier, a woman with an independent nature, searching for her true identity in a society that expects women to be nothing more than just devoted housewives and nurturing mothers. In Edna’s journey of self-discovery, one must recognize the impact that other characters have had on her as well. Two characters that have had the biggest impact on Edna were Adele Ratignolle and Mademoiselle Reisz. Even though these two women are very different, both of them greatly influence Edna’s decisions about her life. The ideas that both women presented to Edna†¦show more content†¦She tries to get Edna to see how happy this kind of life could be, and to live this kind of life rather than fight it. Adele introduces Edna to female love. Edna was infatuated by Adele, â€Å"She had long wished to try herself on Madame Ratignolle. Never had that lady seemed a more tempting subject than at that moment, seated there like some sensuous Madonna†. Adele is the first woman Edna feels comfortable with. One could say that the motherless Edna seeks a mother surrogate in Adele and looks to her for nurturance. Adele provides maternal encouragement for Edna’s painting and tells her that her â€Å"talent is immense†. It’s rather obvious that Edna does not want the Creole married life, and knows that it cannot make her happy. She is not completely devoted to the happiness of her family, and refuses to give herself up for her children. She cannot understand why this makes Adele happy. However, when Edna’s children are at Iberville, she goes to see them and realize s that she missed them. She loves her children very much but she does not want them in her life all the time. This is one of Edna’s awakenings, realizing that she does not want a family. She wants to be free of Leonce’s authority and does not

The Deaf Child Should Not Be Legal - 1227 Words

â€Å"A cochlear implant is a surgically implanted device that is capable of restoring hearing and speech understanding to many individuals who are severely or profoundly deaf† (Tucker, 1998, pg. 6). The deaf child should be the one to consent to a cochlear implant regardless of their age. Receiving an implant at a younger age rather than waiting until the child grows older means easier development of speech and hearing (Sound and Fury). If they would like to gain the ability to hear and have the capacity to communicate more easily with others they should be able to access the opportunity to. If they do not want to receive an implant either, they should not be forced into getting one. I will argue that the parents of a deaf infant should not have an ethical obligation to consent to cochlear implant surgery for that infant because the child is the one who is deaf and has to manage with the daily struggles of not being able to hear. First, I will explain why the infant should b e the one to consent and why. Second, I will consider opposite views from my own argument. Some may disagree and think that the parent should be the one to determine if an implant is best or not, since the infant may not be old enough to really know what they are deciding on. But no matter what age the child is, if they know they are deaf and they know that they have an option to hear, they should be the one to decide on what’s best for them during that time and in the future. Infants should be the ones toShow MoreRelatedThe Acronym For A Child Of A Deaf Adult1561 Words   |  7 Pages This is the life of every â€Å"CODA†. CODA; the acronym for a Child of A Deaf Adult. A person who was raised by one or more deaf parents or guardians. CODA’s have to learn how to grow up at a very early age. These children often serve as interpreters for their parents, thus becoming the communication link between their parents and the hearing world. 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According to the National Institute of Health, PGM is legal in the United Kingdom for resea rch purposes only. However, it is illegal to implant the embryos into a woman for further development or gestation. In the United States, it is not legal to perform such research because of ethical concerns (NIH). Some argue that it is notRead MoreThe Issue Of The United States Congress1558 Words   |  7 Pagesparlors; if the United States does not do something about it now, they never will. The United States Congress should pass legislation in 2015 to protect workers recruited abroad by labor recruiters, require companies to address human trafficking within the public and private sectors of business, and increase funding for victims of human trafficking and sex slavery to receive assistance and legal protection (Congress: Pass Legislation to Fight Human Trafficking in 2015). Notably, Apple made a whopping

Ancient Greek Pottery Essay Example For Students

Ancient Greek Pottery Essay Ancient Greek Pottery Perhaps of all the arts that flourished in antiquity, ceramic art has the longest continuous history. And this may well be accounted for by the fact that it was utilitarian, for even in those periods when other arts had declined, people still needed pottery to collect and store their oil, grain, water, and wine. Thus, whereas certain forms of art disappear for periods at a time to reappear in an other form or style, the ceramic art appears in all periods from the time it made its first appearance in Greek lands in the 6th Millennium B. C. Moreover, clay, the material which was used in the manufacture of pottery, from the moment it was kilned became almost indestructible, even when the pot was shattered, something which could not happen with other materials such as wood, textiles, and so on. As a result, whereas there are gaps in our knowledge of other arts, and we must turn to related sources to fill these gaps, this is not the case with pottery, the evolution of which can be traced without interruption from the Neolithic age to the end of the ancient Greek world. In this long period of development of Greek ceramics, the shapes of the vases may have altered, or may have become more finished and may have been better adapted to the end of which they were made, but they never ceased to be utilitarian for their purpose was, with few exceptions, to serve the daily needs of man. Most pottery was decorated and each period had its individual style of decorations. One always notes a continuous effort to adjust the ornamentation to the shape of the pot. The themes or subjects used also changed from period to period, and in these changes there are certain preferences for the one or other subject by which means we can not only differentiate the esthetic criteria but even the historical changes in the manner of thought itself. It is not fortuitous, for example, that in the period when one of the most characteristic of maxims Man is the measure of all things was in vogue, the Greek vases almost exclusively used the human figure for decorative purposes. The appearance of pure Greek ceramic art is chronoogically placed in the 11th century, somewhere round about 1050 BC. The 12th C. was a period of great upheavals and readjustment in all Greek lands, but also in the entire Eastern Mediterranean basin. In Greece itself, along with the destruction of Mycenaean civilization , there perished many of the arts that had reached their peak. The only artifacts, or almost the only remnants to survive of this great civilization were the pottery and potsherds. In examining the ceramic artifacts of the period which followed the destruction of Mycenaean civilization one can see that this destruction, although of major proportions, was not total. In the 11th Century there begins to appear a new type of decoration which initially retained many features of late Mycenaean art, the main characteristic being geometric designs. It is on this account that the pottery which is decorated in this manner is known as Geometric. Since most finds of this period consisted of pottery, the comparatively long range of time up to about 700 BC has been named the Geometric period. Geometric art, as all arts, went through various stages of development until attainting its peak in the 8th Century. That which distinguishes it most is the remarkable blend and harmony of shape and decoration. Whereas in the Mycenaean period pottery was decorated as a whole and a single motif covered the entire area, either in the form of flowers or sea life, octopi, and so on, now the surface of the pot was separated into parallel bands of geometric patterns. In the early geometric period, the vase was painted with dark veneer, black or brown and only one or two bands remaining uncolored, over which the decoration extends. Gradually, these light-coloured bands began to expand into wider bands covering a broader area of the pot thus giving it a lighter tone. The bands contained a great variety of geometric motifs, triangles, lozenges, semicircles and, beginning in the 9th Century, the most characteristic, the meander or Greek key which with several variations repeated rhythmically encircled the vase, with the tendency not to leave any part of the surface unornamented. The bands are shrunken in the narrow parts of the pot, and become broader round the belly with larger patterns, and then to diminish again in width as they get closer to the neck. In this way, the curves of the pot are emphasized by the bands with the geometric figures which ornament and encircle them. The first figures of humans and animals begin to appear in the middle of the 9th Century, but always stylized. Some of the bands which formerly contained geometrical patterns were in some cases replaced by a series of animals, deer and other motifs. These were also stylized and convey the feeling of movement along the length of the band. The geometric pot was often used as a funerary marker. Thus we find that from the age in which human figures appear we also find funeral scenes. Gradually the subjects are enriched with various scenes involving a number of persons, battles, naval engagements, hunting scenes, and so on, which become more important in time. And so we find already in the Geometric period those elements which would eventually become the characteristic features of Greek art and the whole of Greek civilization, that is, anthropomorphism. During the Geometric period, pottery was made in all parts of Greece and we observe more or less a similar style of decoration and the same evolution with understandably slight variations in the various areas. In the entire course of this period, Attica was one of the most important centres for pottery manufacture and we can safely say that Geometric ceramic art was basically of Attican origin. Although the Geometric period is no longer considered an obscure age, or the Greek Dark Ages, as it was formerly known, it was nevertheless a period in which, although Greece was not completely isolated from the civilized world, there was less intercourse with the countries of the East and Egypt than had previously existed in the Mycenaean and even earlier yet in the Minoan period. But beginning in the 8th Century, with the growth and expansion of shipping, there began a very vigorous trade activity and closer communication with the Orient which naturally would influence Greek art drastically. This influence was very apparent in pottery decoration, especially beginning in the early 7th Century BC. Even if we had no evidence except pottery, we could detect the strong orientalizing influence on the potters and painters of Greece. Thus the style of this period which followed the Geometric is known as the orientalizing period. The Greek city that played a dominant role in commerce from the close of the 8th Century was Corinth. Her geographical position between two seas was destined to make the city a great maritime and trade centre. And understandably therefore Corinth was among the first cities to receive the influence of orientalizing art. We thus observe that the art of pottery changes completely. The geometric motifs are replaced by an animal style with a repertory of lions, griffins, sphinxes, oriental beasts both imaginary and real. The two original colours of the geometric pots were replaced by many colours. And with this change one also sees a tendency for miniature decorations. In the early stages, the arrangements of decorations on the vases had not altered, the motifs only changing. The pot continued to be divided into horizontal bands as in the Geometric period, but rather than containing geometric patterns, these bands were adorned with a series of various animals, lions, griffons, and so on. The area between the bands was decorated with various depictions. At the same time, the technique of heavy engraved lines for the outlines and the details was used in such a way that often Corinthian pottery conveyed the impression that the artisans who painted the figures used as a model embroideries and the metal techniques of the East, two arts which appear to have deeply influenced Corinthian pottery painters. Then follows a period where the bands become broader and less numerous until finally the entire pot is covered by a single representation. Parallel to this style of decoration there coexisted yet another with the human figure as the central theme and the narrative scenes produced with the technique of the miniature. One of the most beautiful Corinthian vases of this type is the Ghigi oinochoe of the villa Giulia in Rome. Until the middle of the 6th Century B. C. , Corinth was the principle centre both in the production and the export of pottery, pots that were mainly manufactured for the exportation of the famous Corinthian perfumes. In the same period, of course, there were workshops in many other cities, but they more or less retained their local features. But already by the beginning of the 6th Century, Corinths supremacy in this sector was seriously challenged by Athens which gradually overshadowed Corinth. Soon the workshops of the latter city ceased operating to be replaced by the workshops of Athens. In Attica the evolution of the ceramic industry was significantly different from that of Corinth. Although Attica too had undergone the influences of Eastern techniques, in the sector of ceramics there was a longer continuation of the geometric tradition. The monumental nature of the funerary vases of the Geometric metric period was not abandoned unlike the Corinthian potters who made pots basically of smaller size. But perhaps the main feature of the Attic potters was that they used as principal decorative themes for their pots the human figure, thus continuing a tradition which had its roots in the Geometric period . These two features of Proto-Attic pottery, the monumental nature and the tendency for narrative composition, led the vase painters to a technique quite different from that used by the Corinthians in the decorative program of their small-size pots. Artificial Intelligence1 EssayEuphronios had signed vases both as the potter and the painter, and worked mainly on large vases. In contrast with Epiktetos, Euphronios drew his themes mainly from mythology. The presentation of the human anatomy was so advanced that often we have the impression that we are regarding anatomical charts, as for example, in the case of the figure of Heracles and Antaeus on the face of the calyx crater of the Louvre. This striving for the perfect portrayal of the human proportions is also encountered at this time n the sculptures. Figures fill the area of the vase and are portrayed with great expressiveness and power. The mythological scenes are conveyed with power and majesty, but the portrayals of handsome youth are made with particular grace. Another contemporary of Euphronios was Euthymides, who also gives a monumental character to his heroes. The well exercised male torsos have fewer anatomical details than those of the compositions of Euphronios, b ut he seeks new ways to portray the human figure and to fill in the space. The Kleophrades painter, besides possessing a powerful planning and conveyance of movement and vigorous elasticity to the human body which characterize his work, adds also a new element, expression of the inner world. In addition to these pottery painters there is a series of other great artists each of whom in his own particular style animated the vases with their portrayals, such as the Berlin master, the Brygos painter, Myson, Panaitios, Makron who was the painter of the potter Hieron, Daris, Onesimos, and others. After the Persian wars, in 480 BC, certain significant changes in the potters art occurred. Movement was now much freer, the features were conveyed with greater realism, and so on, the eye ceased to be portrayed in its entirety en face with the face in profile, the figure moved in the space available with greater ease and naturalness. The subject matter also changes considerably, for the world of the woman assumes a more prominent part of the repertory. Certain painters would retain some of the traditional elements of the austere style without the later conventions of Archaic art which disappear completely after 480 BC. But their lines and planning no longer possessed the power and purity of the artists of the previous period. The Pan master is the most endowed of the artists of this period and technique. His works are airy and possess elegance and great sensitivity. But besides those painters who somehow retained the tradition of the artists of the austere period, there was another group of pottery painters deeply influenced by the great painters of the time, particularly Polygnotos of Thasos whose works we know from various ancient written sources and from the reflections of his style in pottery painting. A typical example of this influence is the calyx crater of the Niobid master in the Louvre which depicts Apollo and Artemis on the one side slaying the Niobids and on the other an assembly of heroes with Athena. The figures now move in space on different levels, and the bodies have different postures with expressive faces full of passion. Another artist, one of the most important of the period o f the early Classical style is the Penthesileia master. In his works one also detects the influence of Polygnotan painting, but not to the extent as that observed in the Niobid master. After 450 and until 425 BC base painting passes into a new phase in the period of mature Classicism when Athens was governed by Pericles, when the Parthenon was built, and the influence of Phidian sculptures deeply affected vase painting. The painting of this period is characterized by an ease of style, grace and elegance of pattern. In this period in which sculpture and monumental painting attracted the artists, there are encountered less of the brilliant vase painters of the austere red figure style. Rarely does the vase painter sign his work, and this accounts for the totally conventional names used for their products. Nevertheless, some highly distinguished pot painters stand out, among whom are the Achilles master who appears to have been deeply influenced by the classical tranquillity of the Phidian works, and possibly his pupil, the Phiale master, who is distinguished for the fineness, the grace, and animation of his works. The white Lekythos . The white Lekythos was a small one-handled jug with a narrow neck and deep mouth for unguents which was placed on the graves of the dead . This custom was basically Athenian, since there exist only a very few examples of Lekythoi in the export trade. But in Athens its use was very wide especially in the second half of the 5th Century. The white lekythoi are a unique type of vase, rather scarce, and were a luxury item which survived after 450. The technique was entirely different from that used in other pottery and resembles more the technique of monumental painting. The entire main body of the vase was covered with a white coating on which were painted the scenes in rich varied colours. The repertory included scenes from the life of the dead, or a visit to a dear friend in his country, or the dead person before the graves with his kin, or is even given as a votive offering to the dead. Such representations of offerings are often found on the white lekythoi votaries. The restrained sorrow of the faces expresses the attitude towards death which the ancient Greeks of the Classical period had and which is also encountered in the funerary reliefs of the same period. The white lekythoi with the softness of line and harmony of colours are among the most beautiful examples of Attic vase painting of the second half of the 5th Century, and are an exception to the decline of Attic vase painting which becomes progressively more obvious. This decline was due to two basic causes, one of which was purely economic. For nearly two centuries Athens had supplied the populous centres of the West, but began losing the markets wherever local workshops sprang up. The second cause was the ruinous results of the uncontrolled influence on vase painting by monumental painting. For the first time perhaps the vase was not decorated as an object with a given form and shape determining the decoration and which in previous periods was completely adapted to the shape of the vase, but was treated only as another surface which happened to be curved. If in this brief summary of ancient Greek ceramic art more emphasis was given to the decoration of the vase rather than to its shape and uses, it is because our knowledge of ancient painting which rivals that of Greek sculpture is drawn principally from the various descriptions found in written sources. And thus, with few exceptions, it is only from the pottery itself we can see to which heights ancient Greek painting reached and this but as a reflection of the monumental painting of the Greeks. Nevertheless, with the exception of the white Lekythoi in which as in monumental painting the colouring plays a major role in the representations along with the design, in Attic pottery both in the black figure and red figure styles the principal role is played by the designs and the plan. Also the contrast between the two colours, the red an the shiny black, plays its part. The vase painters succeeded in obtaining these two colours by a process of oxidation of the clay when firing the pots and not by adding an extra coating to the surface. The manufacturing of the pots was done in the following manner. First of all the potter centred a lump of clay, which had been properly kneaded, on the potters wheel where it was spun and moulded into the desired shape. When the pot was too large to be formed in one operation, it was made in sections and joined later by a wet clay slip. Handles and sometimes the mouth or lip were made separately. When the pot was shaped it was left to dry, and then polished, after which the painter was ready for its decoration. He painted the design by incision, drawing the outlines and details in the period when incision was commonly used. Thereafter, the entire area to which they wished to give the black shiny tone, was covered with a mixture of clay containing some kind of alkali, or perhaps potash. Then began the most difficult process involving firing of the pot in three stages. The temperature was never greater than 950 degrees C. The appropriate oxidation during the firing gave the red colour to the areas of the pot not covered by the varnish due to the large concentration of iron in Attic clay, and resulted in the black shiny colour in the painted areas from the mixture of clay with the alkaline earth. It was by such a simple process of experimentation in firing that the Greek vases were moulded, those vases and works of art which Pindar so aptly described to be of great variety and beautiful. Kyriazis, Constantine D. Eternal Greece. Translated by Harry T. Hionides. A Chat Publication. NOTE: illustrations in the original text are not included in this computer document. [Ancient Greek Pottery by Helena Yatra [Kyriazis, Constantine D. Eternal Greece